CPT vs OPT: How to legally work while studying in the U.S.
If you’re studying in the U.S. on an F-1 visa, you may be wondering how you can legally gain work experience. Whether you’re hoping to intern during your program or land a job after graduation, there are two main options: curricular practical training (CPT) and optional practical training (OPT).
Both CPT and OPT are legal ways to work in the U.S. as an international student, but they differ in when you can use them, the eligibility rules and the types of jobs permitted. Here’s how to decide which option best fits your academic and career goals.
What is CPT?
Curricular practical training, or CPT, allows F-1 students to work off campus while still enrolled in their academic program. This work must be a required or integral part of your curriculum, such as a for-credit internship or practicum.
CPT must be approved by your university’s designated school official (DSO) and is employer-specific, meaning you can’t switch jobs without getting new authorization. It’s often used for internships, cooperative education programs or practicum placements that are tied directly to your coursework.
To qualify for CPT, you must:
- Be enrolled full time at a SEVP-certified school for at least one academic year (unless you’re in a graduate program that requires immediate training)
- Have a job offer related to your major
- Receive approval from your DSO before you start working
There’s no official time limit on CPT, but if you do 12 months or more of full-time CPT, you’ll lose eligibility for OPT later on. Part-time CPT (20 hours or fewer per week) does not affect your OPT eligibility.
What is OPT?
Optional practical training (OPT) is temporary work authorization for F-1 students that allows you to gain hands-on experience in your field of study. Unlike curricular practical training (CPT), OPT does not need to be tied to a specific course and can be used during or after your program.
OPT is not employer-specific. Once you’re approved, you can work for any qualifying employer in your field, as long as you follow the rules for reporting and remain in status.
There are two types of OPT:
- Pre-completion OPT: Used while you’re still enrolled in school
- Post-completion OPT: Used after you’ve graduated
Most students choose post-completion OPT. You can apply for up to 12 months of OPT, and if you have a qualifying STEM degree, you may be eligible for a 24-month extension, giving you up to 36 months of total work time.
To apply, you’ll need:
- A recommendation from your DSO in SEVIS
- To file Form I-765 with USCIS
- To wait for approval before starting work (this can take two to three months)
CPT vs. OPT: Key differences
Here’s how CPT and OPT compare across key areas:
|
Feature |
CPT |
OPT |
|
When it’s used |
During your academic program |
During or after your academic program |
|
Purpose |
Internship or training for credit |
General work experience in your field |
|
Authorization |
DSO only |
DSO + USCIS |
|
Time limit |
Varies, but 12+ months full-time CPT cancels OPT |
12 months standard (24-month STEM extension possible) |
|
Job requirements |
Must have a job offer before applying |
No job offer needed to apply |
|
Employer flexibility |
Job-specific |
Can switch employers (with reporting) |
|
Credit requirement |
Usually required |
Not required |
Choosing the right option for you
The right work option depends on when you want to work, what kind of job you’re aiming for and how your academic program is structured.
Use CPT if:
- You want to work while still in school
- You’re required to complete an internship as part of your degree
- You have a specific job offer tied to your major
Use OPT if:
- You want to gain experience after graduation
- You’re not required to do a for-credit internship
- You’re planning to stay in the U.S. longer term, especially through STEM OPT
One important note: Using 12 months or more of full-time CPT will make you ineligible for OPT. If you’re planning to work long term after graduation, consider limiting your CPT to part time or fewer than 12 months full time.
Also, keep in mind that CPT and OPT can’t be used at the same time. If you’re considering both, talk to your DSO about timing and program requirements so you don’t accidentally disqualify yourself. Remember that work opportunities can impact eligibility for scholarships for international students.
MPOWER Financing: Work experience shouldn’t be a financial burden
You’re investing in your education, and gaining work experience is a key part of that. But internships and early job opportunities aren’t always paid, and even paid ones may not cover your full living costs.
That’s where MPOWER Financing can help.
MPOWER offers no-cosigner student loans designed specifically for international students studying in the U.S. That means you can stay focused on your studies and training opportunities, even if your job is unpaid or part time.
Here’s what makes MPOWER a strong option:
- International education loan without collateral available to F-1 visa holders in select postgraduate programs
- Covers tuition, housing and other living expenses
- Fixed interest rates, no hidden fees
- No collateral or U.S. credit history required
- Career support and resources through Path2Success
Final thoughts: Work legally and plan early
Working in the U.S. during or after your degree can be a great way to build your resume and boost your career, but it has to be done the right way.
Whether you choose CPT, OPT or both, the key is to start planning early. Make sure your training aligns with your academic program, talk to your DSO before starting any job and always follow F-1 visa rules carefully.
With the right approach, you can gain valuable experience while staying on track to reach your long-term goals.
